Description

Potentially Misidentified Species - Cakile edentula (American Sea Rocket) is native (Brown and Brown 1984).

Taxonomy

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus
Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Capparales	Brassicaceae	Cakile

Synonyms

Bunnia cakile

Invasion History

Chesapeake Bay Status

First Record	Population	Range	Introduction	Residency	Source Region	Native Region	Vectors
1921	Established	Expanding	Introduced	Regular Resident	Europe	Eurasia	Shipping(Dry Ballast)

History of Spread

Cakile maritima (Eurasian Sea Rocket) is native from northernmost Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Canary Islands. A record of C. maritima (as Bunnia cakile), collected by John Clayton in Virginia (Gronovius 1739; Reveal 1983) refers to the native C. edentula. The first definite North American records were from ballast piles in Philadelphia collected by Martindale, 1876 (Riefner 1982b) and New York (Brown 1879). However; it was not listed for the northeast U.S. by Robinson and Fernald (1908). The species is regarded as not well established on the Atlantic Coast: 'sporadic on coastal rubbish' (Fernald 1950), or 'adventive about Atlantic seaports' (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). It has been reported from ME and NY-NC, and also from MS and TX (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 1998).

On the Pacific Coast; C. maritima was first collected in 1939 in CA and by 1966 had colonized approximately 2000 miles of coastline ranging from Ensenada, Mexico to WA (Barbour and Rodman 1970).

In the Chesapeake Bay region, C. maritima was not reported for MD by Shreve et al. (1910) or in earlier floras. The first Chesapeake Bay specimen was collected on ship's ballast at Newport News in 1921 (U.S. National Herbarium collections). Reed found it in 1953-58 at Canton MD; along the shore of Baltimore Harbor and on ore piles. Occurrences in the Baltimore region could have resulted from early, unreported dry ballast introductions (suggested by Riefner 1982b) or a later introduction with chrome and manganese ore (Reed 1964). Riefner (1982b) found specimens from beaches in Anne Arundel (including Sandy Point State Park) & Queen Anne's County; 1958-1980. 'Although not appearing to be spreading rapidly in the region, additional populations are likely to grow in other counties along the extensive shoreline of the Bay. Cakile maritima should be considered a permanent element of the Maryland flora' (Riefner 1982b).

In VA, although C. maritima has been recorded from 7 tidewater counties and two Piedmont or Mountain counties (Scott and Warren Counties), Harvill et al. (1992) consider it a 'waif' of 'doubtful establishment'. The scattered nature of the introductions suggests several separate introductions to the Chesapeake area.

C. maritima was also introduced to Australia by 1906, where it is now widespread along the coast of the southern half of the continent. It has also been introduced to Argentina and New Caledonia (Rodman 1986).

History References - Barbour and Rodman 1970; Brown 1879; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Gronovius 1739; Harvill et al. 1992; Natural Resources Conservation Service 1998; Reveal 1983; Riefner 1982b; Robinson and Fernald 1950; Rodman 1986; Shreve et al. 1910

Invasion Comments

Likely Vector into Chesapeake Bay - Cakile maritima was found on ore piles, Canton MD, and may have been transported there with cargos of ore from Europe (Reed 1964).

Ecology

Environmental Tolerances

	For Survival		For Reproduction
	Minimum	Maximum	Minimum	Maximum
Temperature (ºC)
Salinity (‰)	0.0	38.0	0.0	18.0
Oxygen
pH
	Salinity Range	meso-poly

Age and Growth

	Male	Female
Minimum Adult Size (mm)
Typical Adult Size (mm)	200.0	200.0
Maximum Adult Size (mm)	300.0	300.0
Maximum Longevity (yrs)
Typical Longevity (yrs	0.6	0.6

Reproduction

	Start	Peak	End
Reproductive Season
Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event
Sexuality Mode(s)
Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction
Fertilization Type(s)
More than One Reproduction Event per Year
Reproductive Startegy
Egg/Seed Form

Impacts

Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay

Cakile maritima (European Sea Rocket), although spreading on Chesapeake beaches and marshes (Riefner 1982b), is unlikely to have any economic impacts.

Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay

Large-scale invasions of Cakile maritima (European Sea Rocket) have covered thousands of miles of coastline on the Pacific coast of the U.S. and in Australia, but appear to have had no economic impact (Barbour and Rodman 1980; Rodman 1986).

Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species

Cakile maritima (European Sea Rocket) is rare but apparently spreading in Chesapeake Bay. Cakile edentula, the native species, is much more abundant and widely distributed (Brown and Brown 1984; Harvill et al. 1992; Riefner 1982b; Sipple 1978). Impacts on this species, or on other marsh and beach flora, do not seem likely at this time.

In regions where both Cakile edentula and C. maritima are introduced, C. maritima has replaced C. edentula completely in regions of milder climate, such as southern and central CA (Barbour and Rodman 1970; Boyd and Barbour 1993), and parts of the Australian coastline (Rodman 1986). C. maritima has greater reproductive output under some conditions (Rodman 1986), especially when plants can survive the winter in supratidal dune habitats (Boyd and Barbour 1993). However, in regions of cooler climate, such as northern CA, the advantages of C. maritima are reduced, and both species seem to coexist (Boyd and Barbour 1983). This could explain the limited spread of Cakile maritima on the Atlantic coast of the U.S. with its more severe winters.

References- Barbour and Rodman 1970; Boyd and Barbour 1983; Brown and Brown 1984; Harvill et al. 1992; Riefner 1982b; Rodman 1986; Sipple 1978

Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species

Cakile maritima (European Sea Rocket) is much rarer than cryptogenic and introduced plants of similar habitats in the mid- and upper Bay, such as Atriplex prostrata, Spergularia salina, and Salsola kali (Brown and Brown 1984; Riefner 1982b; Sipple 1978).

References- Brown and Brown 1984; Riefner 1982b; Sipple 1978

References

Barbour, Michael G.; Rodman, James E. (1970) Saga of the West Coast sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima., Rhodora 72: 370-387

Boyd, Robert S.; Barbour, Michael G. (1993) Replacement of Cakile edentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California., The American Midland Naturalist 130: 209-228

Brown, Addison (1879) Ballast plants in New York City and its vicinity, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 353-360

Brown, Melvin L.; Brown, Russell G. (1984) Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, , College Park. Pp.

Fernald, Merritt L. (1950) Gray's Manual of Botany, In: (Eds.) . , New York. Pp.

Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur (1991) Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, In: (Eds.) . , Bronx, New York. Pp.

Gronovius, Johannes Fredericius (1739) Flora Virginica exhibens plantas quas V. C. Johannes Clayton in Virginia observavit atque collegit., , London. Pp.

Harvill, A. M.; Bradley, Ted R.; Stevens, Charles E.; Wieboldt, Thomas F.; Ware, Donna M. E.; Ogle, Douglas W.; Ramsey, Gwynn W.; Fleming, Gary P. (1992) Atlas of the Virginia Flora, , Burkeville, VA. Pp.

Huiskes, A. H. L.; Koutstaal, B. P.; Herman, P. M. J.; Beeftink, W. G.; Markusse, M. M.; De Munck, W. (1995) Seed dispersal of halophytes in tidal salt marshes, Journal of Ecology 82: 559-567

1997-2024 USDA PLANTS Database.. Onine databse

Reed, Clyde F. (1964) A flora of the chrome and manganese ore piles at Canton, in the port of Baltimore, Maryland and at Newport News, Virginia, with descriptions of genera and species new to the flora of the eastern United States., Phytologia 10: 321-406

Resource Management Inc. (1993) National list of plant species that occur in wetlands., , Minneapolis.. Pp.

Reveal, James L. (1983) Significance of pre-1753 botanical explorations in temperate North America on Linnaeus' first edition of Species Plantarum, Phytologia 53: 1-96

Riefner, Richard E. (1982) Studies on the Maryland flora IX. Cakile maritima Scop. naturalized in the Chesapeake Bay region., Phytologia 50: 207-208

Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln; Fernald, Merrit L. (1908) Gray's New Manual of Botany., , New York. Pp.

Rodman, James R. (1986) Introduction, establishment and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia, Journal of Biogeography 13: 150-171

Shreve, Forrest M.; Chrysler, M. A.; Blodgett, Frederck H.; Besley, F. W. (1910) The Plant Life of Maryland, , Baltmore. Pp.

Sipple, William S. (1978) An atlas of vascular plant distribution species for tidewater Maryland, , Annapolis, Maryland. Pp.

Woodell, S. R. J. (1985) Salinity and seed germination patterns in coastal plants, Vegetatio 61: 223-229